Further Reading
Online Resources
Amistad Research Center
Freedmen’s Bureau Digital Collection, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture
Freedmen and Southern Society Project, University of Maryland
Harford Civil Rights Project, Harford Community College
https://harfordcivilrights.org
Historical Society of Harford County
Hosanna School Museum
New England Freedmen’s Aid Society Records, Massachusetts Historical Society
Slavery and Freedom, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture
https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/slavery-and-freedom
Slavery in America: A Resource Guide, Library of Congress
https://guides.loc.gov/slavery-in-america
Books
Butchart, Ronald E. Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980.
Butchart, Ronald E. Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America. New York: Harcourt, 1935.
Fields, Barbara Jeanne. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984.
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. New York: Harper Collins, 1988.
Fuke, Richard Paul. Imperfect Equality: African Americans and the Confines of White Racial Attitudes in Post-Emancipation Maryland. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999.
Articles
Butchart, Ronald E. “Recruits to the ‘Army of Civilization’: Gender, Race, Class, and the Freedmen’s Teachers, 1862-1875.” Journal of Education 172 (Oct. 1990): 76-87.
Downs, Jim. “Emancipating the Evidence: The Ontology of Freedmen’s Bureau Records.” In Beyond Freedom: Disrupting the History of Emancipation, edited by David W. Blight and Jim Downs, 160-180. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2023.
Fuke, Richard Paul. “The Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People, 1864-1870.” Maryland Historical Magazine 66 (1971): 369-404.
Fuke, Richard Paul. “Land, Lumber, and Learning: The Freedmen’s Bureau, Education, and the Black Community in Post-Emancipation Maryland.” In The Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations, edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, 288-314. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999.
Gardner, Eric. “A Word Fitly Spoken: Edmonia Highgate, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, and the 1864 Syracuse Convention.” In The Colored Conventions Movement: Black Organizing in the Nineteenth Century, edited by P. Gabrielle Foreman, Jim Casey, and Sarah Lynn Patterson, 72-85. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021.
Washburn, Doug. “The Colored Schools of Harford County: Separate but Equal?” Part 1. Harford Historical Bulletin 101 (Winter/Spring 2006): 3-45.